How to Set Up Footnotes for Law Review Article

Text placed at the lesser of a folio or at the end of a chapter

"Footnote" redirects here. For the Israeli motion picture, see Footnote (picture).

A note is a string of text placed at the bottom of a page in a volume or document or at the cease of a affiliate, book, or the whole text. The notation can provide an author's comments on the chief text or citations of a reference piece of work in support of the text.

Footnotes are notes at the foot of the page while endnotes are collected nether a separate heading at the end of a affiliate, volume, or entire work. Different footnotes, endnotes have the advantage of not affecting the layout of the master text, only may cause inconvenience to readers who have to move dorsum and forth between the main text and the endnotes.

In some editions of the Bible, notes are placed in a narrow cavalcade in the center of each folio between ii columns of biblical text.

Numbering and symbols [edit]

In English, a footnote or endnote is ordinarily flagged by a superscripted number immediately following that portion of the text the notation references, each such footnote being numbered sequentially. Occasionally, a number between brackets or parentheses is used instead, thus: [1], which can also be superscripted.

Typographical devices such as the asterisk (*) or dagger (†) may also be used to bespeak to notes; the traditional lodge of these symbols in English is *, †, ‡, §, ‖, ¶.^[ane] Other symbols, including the #, Δ, ◊, ↓, and ☞, accept too been used.^{[two] [iii]} In documents like timetables, many dissimilar symbols, letters, and numbers may refer the reader to detail notes.

In CJK languages, written with Chinese characters, the symbol ※ (chosen reference mark; Japanese: komejirushi; Korean: chamgopyo) is used for notes and highlighting, analogously to the asterisk in English.

Academic usage [edit]

Notes are virtually often used as an culling to long explanations, citations, comments, or annotations that can be distracting to readers. Most literary style guidelines (including the Modern Language Association and the American Psychological Association) recommend express use of foot- and endnotes. However, publishers ofttimes encourage note references in lieu of parenthetical references. Aside from use every bit a bibliographic element, notes are used for additional data, qualification or explanation that might be too digressive for the main text. Footnotes are heavily utilized in academic institutions to back up claims made in bookish essays covering myriad topics.

In particular, footnotes are the normal class of citation in historical journals. This is due, firstly, to the fact that the most important references are ofttimes to archive sources or interviews which exercise not readily fit standard formats, and secondly, to the fact that historians expect to see the exact nature of the prove which is being used at each stage.

The MLA (Modernistic Language Association) requires the superscript numbers in the chief text to be placed following the punctuation in the phrase or clause the note is in reference to. The exception to this rule occurs when a sentence contains a dash, in which example the superscript would precede it.^[4] However, MLA is non known for endnote or footnote citations, rather APA and Chicago styles use them more regularly. Historians are known to use Chicago style citations.

Aside from their technical utilise, authors use notes for a variety of reasons:

• As signposts to directly the reader to information the writer has provided or where further useful information is pertaining to the subject in the chief text.
• To aspect a quote or viewpoint.
• Every bit an alternative to parenthetical references; it is a simpler way to acknowledge information gained from another source.
• To escape the limitations imposed on the word count of various academic and legal texts which practise not take into account notes. Aggressive utilize of this strategy can atomic number 82 to a text afflicted by "foot and notation illness" (a derogation coined by John Betjeman).^{[5] [six]}

Authorities documents [edit]

The U.s. Regime Printing Function Style Manual devotes over 660 words to the topic of footnotes.^[seven] NASA has guidance for footnote usage in its historical documents.^[eight]

Legal writing [edit]

Associate Justice Stephen Breyer of the Supreme Court of the Us is famous in the American legal community for his writing style, in which he never uses notes. He prefers to keep all citations within the text (which is permitted in American legal citation).^[nine] Richard A. Posner has also written against the use of notes in judicial opinions.^[ten] Bryan A. Garner, nonetheless, advocates using notes instead of inline citations.^[11]

HTML [edit]

HTML, the predominant markup language for web pages, has no machinery for adding notes. Despite a number of different proposals over the years, and repeated pleas from the user base, the working group has been unable to reach a consensus on information technology. Because of this, MediaWiki, for example, has had to introduce its ain <ref></ref> tag for citing references in notes.

It might exist argued that the hyperlink partially eliminates the need for notes, existence the spider web's way to refer to another document. However, it does not allow citing to offline sources and if the destination of the link changes, the link can become dead or irrelevant.^[12] A proposed solution is the utilise of a digital object identifier.

In instances where a user needs to add together an endnote or footnote using HTML, they can add the superscript number using <sup></sup>, and so link the superscripted text to the reference department using an anchor tag. Create an anchor tag by using <a name="ref1"></a> and then link the superscripted text to "ref1".

History [edit]

This section needs expansion. Yous can help by adding to it. (July 2019)

The London printer Richard Jugge is mostly credited every bit the inventor of the footnote, first used in the Bishops' Bible of 1568.^[xiii]

Early printings of the Douay Bible used two closely spaced colons (actually squared four dot punctuation mark U+2E2C "⸬") to bespeak a marginal note.

Literary device [edit]

At times, notes have been used for their comical effect, or as a literary device.

• James Joyce'south Finnegans Wake (1939) uses footnotes along with left and correct marginal notes in Book II Chapter ii. The three types of notes correspond comments from the iii siblings doing their homework: Shem, Shaun, and Issy.
• J.G. Ballard's "Notes Towards a Mental Breakup" (1967) is one sentence ("A discharged Broadmoor patient compiles 'Notes Towards a Mental Breakdown,' recalling his wife'southward murder, his trial and exoneration.") and a series of elaborate footnotes to each one of the words.
• Mark Z. Danielewski's House of Leaves (2000) uses what are arguably some of the well-nigh extensive and intricate footnotes in literature. Throughout the novel, footnotes are used to tell several different narratives outside of the main story. The physical orientation of the footnotes on the page also works to reverberate the twisted feeling of the plot (often taking up several pages, appearing mirrored from page to folio, vertical on either side of the page, or in boxes in the eye of the folio, in the middle of the central narrative).
• Flann O'Brien's The Third Policeman (1967) utilizes all-encompassing and lengthy footnotes for the word of a fictional philosopher, de Selby. These footnotes span several pages and frequently overtake the chief plotline, and add together to the absurdist tone of the book.
• David Foster Wallace's Infinite Jest includes over 400 endnotes, some over a dozen pages long. Several literary critics suggested that the book be read with two bookmarks. Wallace uses footnotes, endnotes, and in-text notes in much of his other writing also.
• Manuel Puig'south Osculation of the Spider Adult female (originally published in Spanish as El beso de la mujer araña) too makes extensive use of footnotes.
• Garrison Keillor's Lake Wobegon Days includes lengthy footnotes and a parallel narrative.
• Mark Dunn's Ibid: A Life is written entirely in endnotes.
• Luis d'Antin van Rooten's Mots d'Heures: Gousses, Rames (the title is in French, merely when pronounced, sounds similar to the English "Mother Goose Rhymes"), in which he is allegedly the editor of a manuscript by the fictional François Charles Fernand d'Antin, contains copious footnotes purporting to help explain the nonsensical French text. The bespeak of the book is that each written French verse form sounds like an English nursery rhyme.
• Terry Pratchett has fabricated numerous uses within his novels. The footnotes will frequently set up running jokes for the rest of the novel.
• B.L.A. and G.B. Gabbler'south meta novel The Automation makes uses of footnotes to interruption the fourth wall. The narrator of the novel, known as "B.L.A.," tells the fantastical story as if true, while the editor, Gabbler, annotates the story through footnotes and thinks the manuscript is only a prose poem attempting to be a literary masterwork.
• Susanna Clarke's 2004 novel Jonathan Strange & Mr Norrell has 185 footnotes,^[14] adumbrating fictional events before and after those of the primary text, in the same archaic narrative voice, and citing fictional scholarly and magical government.^[15]
• Jonathan Stroud'due south The Bartimaeus Trilogy uses footnotes to insert comical remarks and explanations past ane of the protagonists, Bartimaeus.
• Michael Gerber'south Barry Trotter parody serial used footnotes to expand i-line jokes in the text into paragraph-long comedic monologues that would otherwise suspension the menses of the narrative.
• John Green's An Affluence of Katherines uses footnotes, about which he says: "[They] can allow y'all to create a kind of cloak-and-dagger second narrative, which is important if, say, y'all're writing a book most what a story is and whether stories are significant."^{[ commendation needed ]}
• Dr Carol Bolton uses extensive footnotes to provide the modern reader with a cipher for a novel most the travels of the fictional Spanish traveller Don Manuel Alvarez Espriella, an early 19th-century construct of Robert Southey'south, designed to provide him with vehicle to critique the societal habits of the day.
• Jasper Fforde'due south Thursday Adjacent series exploits the use of footnotes as a advice device (the footnoterphone) which allows communication between the main character's universe and the fictional bookworld.
• Ernest Hemingway's Natural History of the Dead uses a footnote to farther satirize the style of a history while making a sardonic statement virtually the extinction of "humanists" in modern guild.
• Pierre Bayle's Historical and Disquisitional Dictionary follows each brief entry with a footnote (often five or six times the length of the main text) in which saints, historical figures, and other topics are used equally examples for philosophical digression. The separate footnotes are designed to contradict each other, and only when multiple footnotes are read together is Bayle's core argument for Fideistic skepticism revealed. This technique was used in part to evade the harsh censorship of 17th century France.
• Mordecai Richler's novel Barney's Version uses footnotes equally a character device that highlights unreliable passages in the narration. Every bit the editor of his father's autobiography, the narrator's son must correct any of his male parent'south misstated facts. The frequency of these corrections increases as the father falls victim to both hubris and Alzheimer's disease. While near of these changes are small, a few are essential to plot and character development.
• In Vladimir Nabokov'south Stake Fire, the main plot is told through the annotative endnotes of a fictional editor.
• Bartleby y Compañía, a novel by Enrique Vila-Matas, is stylized as footnotes to a nonexistent novel.
• The works of Jack Vance oft accept footnotes, detailing and informing the reader of the background of the earth in the novel.
• Stephen Colbert's I Am America (And And then Can Yous!) uses both footnotes and margin notes to offer additional commentary and sense of humour.
• Doug Dorst's novel Due south. uses footnotes to explore the story and relationship of characters Five.G. Straka and F.X. Caldeira.
• Terry Pratchett and Neil Gaiman's collaboration, Good Omens, often uses footnotes to add asides ripe with hilarity. Though, to fully appreciate the jokes you may need to exercise some looking up of British-specific references.

See as well [edit]

• Annotation
• Commendation
• Hyperkino
• Ibid.
• Nota bene

References [edit]

1. ^ Robert Bringhurst (2005). The Elements of Typographic Style (version 3.i). Point Roberts, Wash.: Hartley and Marks. pp 68–69. Bringhurst goes on to say "But across the ... double dagger, this order is not familiar to most readers, and never was."
2. ^ William H. Sherman. "Toward a History of the Manicule" (PDF) . Retrieved 2013-06-28 .
3. ^ Many of these symbols are used, for example, in John Bach McMaster, History of the People of the United States
4. ^ Lab, Purdue Writing. "MLA Endnotes and Footnotes // Purdue Writing Lab". Purdue Writing Lab . Retrieved 2022-01-xi .
5. ^ Rogers, Timothy (1968). "Rupert Brooke: Man and Monument". English. 17 (99): 79–84. doi:10.1093/english language/17.99.79.
6. ^ Candida Lycett Dark-green (Betjeman's girl), quoted in "Passed/Failed: An teaching in the life of Candida Lycett Light-green, writer", interview past Jonathan Auction. The Independent, Th 27 Apr 2006.
7. ^ "Chapter fifteen: Footnotes, indexes, contents, and outlines". U.Due south. Authorities Printing Office Manner Transmission . Retrieved Oct 26, 2015.
8. ^ "A Guide to Footnotes and Endnotes for NASA History Authors". NASA History Mode Guide . Retrieved March 24, 2005.
9. ^ "In Justice Breyer's Opinion, A Footnote Has No Place". The New York Times. 1995-07-28. Retrieved 2008-04-30 .
10. ^ Posner, Richard A. (Summer 2001). "Against Footnotes" (PDF). Courtroom Review. American Judges Association. Retrieved 2014-ten-thirteen .
11. ^ Oddi, Marcia (2005-01-07). "Indiana Courts - Footnotes in Judicial Opinions". The Indiana Law Web log. Retrieved 2015-xi-04 .
12. ^ Jill Lepore. "The Cobweb", The New Yorker, 26 January 2015 issue. Retrieved 25 January 2015. Archived from the original.
13. ^ Chuck Zerby, The Devil's Details: A History of Footnotes, 2007, ISBN 1931229058, p. 28 and passim
14. ^ Grady Hendrix, "Do You Believe in Magic?" Archived sixteen Jan 2009 at the Wayback Auto, The Village Voice (24 August 2004). Retrieved five January 2009.
15. ^ Michael Dirda, "Jonathan Strange and Mr Norrell" Archived 29 September 2012 at WebCite, The Washington Post (5 September 2004). Retrieved 5 January 2009.

Further reading [edit]

• Denton, William (2014). Fictional Footnotes and Indexes. Miskatonic Academy Press.
• Grafton, Anthony (1997). The Footnote: A Curious History. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Printing. ISBN 0-674-90215-7.
• Zerby, Chuck (2002). The Devil's Details: A History of Footnotes. New York: Simon & Schuster.

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Note_(typography)

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